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Perfect Active Participle
The perfect active participle is built on the 4th principal part.
1st perfect participle stems will end in
κ,
though not in
κα
as in the indicative mood.
2nd perfect participle stems do not have the
κ.
Reduplication is seen in perfect participles just as
in the indicative mood.
1st Perfect reduplicated stem illustrated for
λύω
reduplication +
stem w/ stem suffix
λε +
λυκ-
2nd perfect reduplicated stem illustrated for
γίνομαι
reduplication +
stem
γε +
γον-
The perfect participle endings are basically those with which you are already familiar,
but without the initial
ν throughout (for example, masculine genitive singular
-τος
rather than
-ντος)
and with final
ς
in the masculine nominative singular where you are accustomed to
seeing ν
(thus -ως
rather than -ων
when attached to the lengthened connecting vowel).
In the masculine and neuter forms, the connecting vowel is
ο (lengthened to
ω in the masculine nominative singular). The accent is
always on the connecting vowel, never going back to the antepenult.
In the feminine forms, the stem is connected with the 1st declension case ending by
υι, e.g.,
λελυκυία. The case
endings have α throughout,
rather than changing the α to
η in the genitive and dative singular forms. The accent
never goes back to the antepenult. The penult is always accented except in
the feminine genitive plural where the first declension accent rule
takes over and the ultima has a circumflex accent.
Perfect Active Participle of
λύω
reduplicated perfect tense stem + connecting vowel(s) +
case ending
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masculine
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feminine |
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neuter |
N/V |
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λελυκώς |
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λελυκυῖα |
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λελυκός |
G |
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λελυκότος |
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λελυκυίας |
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λελυκότος |
D |
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λελυκότι |
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λελυκυίᾳ |
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λελυκότι |
A |
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λελυκότα |
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λελυκυῖαν |
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λελυκός |
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N/V |
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λελυκότες |
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λελυκυῖαι |
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λελυκότα |
G |
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λελυκότων |
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λελυκυιῶν |
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λελυκότων |
D |
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λελυκόσι(ν) |
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λελυκυίαις |
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λελυκόσι(ν) |
A |
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λελυκότας |
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λελυκυίας |
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λελυκότα |
2nd
Perfect Active Participle of
γίνομαι
reduplicated perfect tense stem + connecting vowel(s) +
case ending
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masculine
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feminine |
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neuter |
N/V |
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γεγονώς |
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γεγονυῖα |
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γεγονός |
G |
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γεγονότος |
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γεγονυίας |
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γεγονότος |
D |
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γεγονότι |
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γεγονυίᾳ |
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γεγονότι |
A |
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γεγονότα |
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γεγονυῖαν |
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γεγονός |
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N/V |
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γεγονότες |
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γεγονυῖαι |
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γεγονότα |
G |
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γεγονότων |
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γεγονυιῶν |
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γεγονότων |
D |
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γεγονόσι(ν) |
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γεγονυίαις |
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γεγονόσι(ν) |
A |
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γεγονότας |
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γεγονυίας |
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γεγονότα |
More on Reduplication
Attic Reduplication
In lesson 3 of course 2, we discussed
two kinds of reduplication. We noted that for verbs with stems
having an initial consonant, the reduplication consists of the same
letter as the initial stem consonant followed by the letter epsilon.
And we also considered verbs beginning with vowels, for which
reduplication often looks like the augment of the secondary tenses,
i.e., the initial vowel is lengthened.
Some verbs whose stems begin with
α,
ε, ο,
followed by a single vowel (as opposed to two consecutive vowels)
exhibit double reduplication (sometimes called "Attic
reduplication"). The initial vowel and consonant are doubled and
then what was the initial vowel in the un-reduplicated stem, now in
the second syllable, is lengthened. For example, the perfect tense
of
ἀκούω is
ἀκήκοα,
and the perfect participle, masculine nominative singular, is
ἀκηκοώς.
The perfect active indicative of
ἀκούω is
ἀκήκοα |
Reduplication consists of doubling the first syllable:
ἀκ + ακο-
...as well as lengthening the vowel of what was the first
syllable prior to the doubling of the first syllable:
ἀκ + ηκο-
This double reduplication is sometimes called Attic
reduplication.
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Another example of this "Attic
reduplication" is seen in the perfect tense of ἔρχομαι.
Consider the perfect active participle ἔρχομαι...
Perfect Active Participle of
ἔρχομαι
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masculine
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feminine |
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neuter |
N/V |
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ἐληλυθώς |
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ἐληλυθυῖα |
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ἐληλυθός |
G |
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ἐληλυθότος |
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ἐληλυθυίας |
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ἐληλυθότος |
D |
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ἐληλυθότι |
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ἐληλυθυίᾳ |
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ἐληλυθότι |
A |
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ἐληλυθότα |
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ἐληλυθυῖαν |
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ἐληλυθός |
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N/V |
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ἐληλυθότες |
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ἐληλυθυῖαι |
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ἐληλυθότα |
G |
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ἐληλυθότων |
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ἐληλυθυιῶν |
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ἐληλυθότων |
D |
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ἐληλυθόσι(ν) |
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ἐληλυθυίαις |
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ἐληλυθόσι(ν) |
A |
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ἐληλυθότας |
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ἐληλυθυίας |
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ἐληλυθότα |
Reduplication in Compound verbs
Reduplication in compound verbs is similar to the
augment of secondary tense verbs in that it usually occurs at the
beginning of the basic verb stem, after the preposition.
Consider the highlighted reduplication in each of the following perfect
participles...
προημαρτηκόσιν perfect active
participle masculine/neuter dative plural
of προαμαρτάνω
= πρό + ἁμαρτάνω
προγεγονότων perfect active
participle masculine/neuter genitive plural
of προγίνομαι
= πρό
+
γίνομαι
παραδεδωκόσι
perfect active participle masculine/neuter
dative plural
of
παραδίδωμι
= παρά
+
δίδωμι
(The
root of this verb is
δο-.
Remember that as a
μι verb, it has a
reduplication in the indicative mood in the present system using
ι. This is not the
reduplication of the perfect tense.
Perfect tense verbs beginning with
consonants reduplicate the consonant and add
ε.
So for example, the perfect active indicative of
δίδωμι
is δέδωκα,
δέδωκας,
δέδωκε,
δεδώκαμεν,
δεδώκατε,
δέδωκαν.)
You will encounter the next two examples in the
homework for lesson 5:
συμβεβηκότων perfect active
participle masculine/neuter genitive plural
of
συμβαίνω
= συν
+
βαίνω
συνεληλυθυῖαι perfect active
participle feminine nominative plural
of συνἔρχομαι
= συν
+
ἔρχομαι
Perfect Middle/Passive Participle
The perfect middle and passive participles share the same forms,
and are built on the 5th principal part. The stem does not have the
κ
that is associated with the 4th principal part.
Reduplication is seen in perfect participles just as
in the indicative mood. Also as in the indicative mood, there is no
connecting vowel. Instead, the case endings are attached
directly to the stem. Again, as in the present indicative
participles,
μεν is seen throughout the
middle/passive forms, and the case endings are attached
thereafter. In fact, with the exception that in the perfect
middle/passive participles the penult is always accented, the
endings are identical to those of the present middle/passive
participles.
Every present middle/passive participle is formed as
follows:
perfect middle/passive stem +
μεν +
2nd or 1st declension ending
Consider
λελυμ ένος:
perfect middle/passive stem
+ μεν +
2nd declension ending
λελυ +
μεν + ος
These then are
the Perfect Middle/Passive Participles formed on the perfect
middle/passive stem
λελυ-:
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masculine
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feminine |
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neuter |
N/V |
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λελυμένος |
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λελυμένη |
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λελυμένον |
G |
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λελυμένου |
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λελυμένης |
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λελυμένου |
D |
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λελυμένῳ |
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λελυμένῃ |
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λελυμένῳ |
A |
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λελυμένον |
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λελυμένην |
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λελυμένον |
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N/V |
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λελυμένοι |
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λελυμέναι |
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λελυμένα |
G |
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λελυμένων |
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λελυμένων |
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λελυμένων |
D |
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λελυμένοις |
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λελυμέναις |
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λελυμένοις |
A |
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λελυμένους |
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λελυμένας |
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λελυμένα |
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The perfect participle functions
pretty much as one would expect. It is used to describe a state that
exists at the time coincident with that of the leading verb as a result of action completed prior to the time of the
main verb.
EXAMPLE 1
καὶ ἐν αὐτῇ καταρώμεθα τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τοὺς καθ’
ὁμοίωσιν θεοῦ γεγονότας
Ja. 3:9
And with it we curse the men
who have been made
according to the likeness of God.
The leading verb is
καταρώμεθα,
we curse. The words "have been made" sets the time of the making
at a time prior to that of the leading verb. However, we could
perhaps do better by emphasizing the present result and translate,
And with it we
curse the men who are
made according to the likeness of God.
EXAMPLE 2
ἐξανέστησαν δέ τινες τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς αἱρέσεως τῶν
Φαρισαίων πεπιστευκότες
Ac. 15:5
But certain one of those from the Pharisees,
who had believed,
rose up.
The leading verb is the aorist
ἐξανέστησαν
(they rose up). At the time these men rose up, they were
reckoned as believers as a result of having come to believe at some
prior time. The words "had believed" set the completed action
prior to the time of the leading verb
ἐξανέστησαν.
EXAMPLE 3
ἐξῆλθεν ὁ
τεθνηκώς
Jn. 11:44
The one who had died
came out
Again, the leading verb
is a past tense verb, the aorist
ἐξῆλθεν (came out). At a
time prior to his coming out, he had died. The words "had died"
set the completed action prior to the time of the leading verb
ἐξῆλθεν. This is an interesting
example because it illustrates the problems that arise if the rules
of grammar are pressed too pedantically. Suppose someone notes
that the perfect tense indicates present result of completed action—He might reason that if the past action was dying, then the present
result is being dead. And yet Jn. 11:44 is talking about Lazarus,
who was now alive, though he had died. The perfect tense does indeed
emphasize continuing result. But in Lazarus' case, the continuing
result was that he would forevermore be someone who had experienced
death.
Someone could speak of him in the present tense and say, "He
is a man who has died."
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Periphrastic
Constructions were introduced in
lesson 2, but let's review in
particular periphrastic constructions involving a perfect tense
participle here.
Perfect Periphrastic Tense
This consists of a
present tense form of
εἰμί and a
perfect participle, as in Jn. 6:45:
ἔστιν γεγραμμένον ἐν τοῖς προφήταις
It is
having been written in the prophets
or more simply in English,
It is written in the prophets
Future Perfect Periphrastic
Tense
There are two
occurrences in Mt. 16:19. A future form of
εἰμί and a perfect participle
combine to express the idea "will be having been..." i.e., in the
future, something will already have been an accomplished fact.
καὶ ὃ
ἐὰν δήσῃς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἔσται δεδεμένον
ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς
and whatever you bind on the earth
will be having been bound in heaven
or more simply in English,
and whatever you bind on the earth will
have been bound in heaven
καὶ ὃ
ἐὰν λύσῃς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἔσται λελυμένον ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς
and whatever you loose on the earth
will be having been loosed in heaven
or more simply in English,
and whatever you loose on the earth will
have been loosed in heaven
As noted in lesson 2, there are other
periphrastic constructions, but you will be able to understand them
as you encounter them because they usually mean what you would
expect them to mean simply by considering the component parts.
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